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1. Einführung 1.1 Historie 1.2 Rechneraufbau 1.3 Speicheradressen 1.4 Dualzahlen 1.5 Datentypen hardwareseitig 1.6 Datentypen softwareseitig 1.7 Softwareschichten 1.8 Gleichungen und Anweisungen
2.Einführung in C 2.1 Compile - Link - Run 2.2 Geradeausprogramm 2.3 Grunddatentypen 2.4 Ausdrücke, Wertzuweisungen 2.5 Operatoren 2.6 Standardfunktionen 2.7 Blöcke, Verzweigungen 2.8 Schleifen (while, for) 2.9 Matrizen und Strukturen 2.10 Aufzählungstypen, Typdefinitionen 2.11 Zeiger 2.12 Funktionen 2.13 Datenfiles 2.14 Zeichenkettenfunktionen (alt) 2.15 Speicherklasse, Initialisierung, Typumwandlungen
3. C++ mit MFC 3.1 Klassen 3.2 Aufbau einer Klasse 3.3 Beispiel Klasse CNurEineZahl 3.4 Basiswissen C++
4. Einführung in Java 4.1 Grundlagen von Java 4.2 Beispiel Ticketautomat 4.3 Beispiel Sinuskurve 4.4 Numerische Lösung von DGLs
Mathematik 2 für MEB/MM
(2018)
Vektorrechnung: Darstellung von Vektoren, Komponenten, Einheitsvektor, Addition, Subtraktion, Projektion, Skalarprodukt, Kreuzprodukt, Geraden, Ebenen Lineare Algebra: Darstellung, Rechnen mit Matrizen und Vektoren, Drehmatrix, lineare Gleichungssysteme (Eliminationsverfahren GAUSS oder GAUSS-JORDAN, inverse Matrix, über- und unterbestimmte Systeme), Determinanten (Rang einer Matrix, SARRUSsche Regel, CRAMERsche Regel), Eigenwerte und Eigenvektoren einer quadratischen Matrix
Fourier-Reihen: (Fourier-Reihe, reell, komplex, beliebige Periode, punktweise Funktion), Wellen (zeitliche und räumliche Ausbreitung von Wellen, Amplitude, Frequenz, Phase)
Differentialrechnung für Funktionen von mehreren Variablen: graphische Darstellung, skalare und Vektorfelder, partielle Ableitung, Differenzial, Gradient, Kettenregeln, Fehlerfortpflanzung
Integralrechnung für Funktionen von mehreren Variablen: konstante Grenzen, Produktzerlegung, Koordinatensysteme, Polarkoordinaten, Zylinderkoordinaten, Kugelkoordinaten, Trägheitsmomente, variable Grenzen
Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen: Klassifikation, Anfangswerte bzw. Randbedingungen, Trennung der Veränderlichen, Variation der Konstanten, DGL mit konstanten Koeffizienten, e-Ansatz, homogene, inhomogene DGL, charakteristische Gleichung, inhomogener Lösungen, Systeme linearer DGL Laplace-Transformation: Eigenschaften, Lösung einer DGL, Korrespondenztabellen, Partialbruchzerlegung, Rücktransformation, Übertragungsfunktion
Übungsbeispiele, Beispielklausur
Einführung (Beispiel Destille)
1. RI-Diagramme ( Kennbuchstaben, Symbole, Beispiele)
2. Einführung in die Steuerung (Ablaufsteuerung, Graphen, Befehle)
3. Einführung in die Regelung 3.1. Regelkreis (Blockschaltbild, Regelstrecke, Regler, Rückführung) 3.2. 2-Punkt-Regler, Hysterese 3.3. 3-Punkt-Regler, Toleranzbereich 3.4. Regelschaltungen ( Einfachregelkreis, Aufschaltung, Kaskade, Mehrgrößenregelung) 3.5. Regelaufgaben
4. Bauteile eines Regelkreises 4.1. Messwerterfassung ( Sensoren, Messumformer, Bus, Trennverstärker) 4.2. Messwertaufzeichnung 4.3. Signalverarbeitung ( Regler, µ-Controller, SPS (speicherprogrammierte Steuerung), PC) 4.4. Aktoren ( Ventil, Klappe, Motor, Pumpe, Verdichter, Stellungsregler, S- und K-Algorithmus) 4.5. Regelstrecken ( 4 Grundtypen PT1, PTn, I, Itn)
5. Steuerung mit SPS 5.1. Einführung (Aufbau, Programmverarbeitung) 5.2. FUP-Programmierung (Logik, Flipflop, Timer, Taktkette, Melde-, Ausgabeteil, OB1) 5.3 Impuls, Zähler, Betriebsartenteil
6. Übertragungsglieder (Laplace-Transformation, Übertragungsfunktion, Ortskurve, Bode-Diagramm) 6.1. P-Glied (Verstärkung, Linearisierung) 6.2. PT1-Glied (DGL, Antwort, Identifikation) DT1-Glied (DGL, Antwort, Identifikation) I-Glied (DGL, Antwort, Identifikation) 6.3. Zusammengesetzte Übertragungsglieder PTn-Glied (DGL, Antwort, Identifikation) ITn-Glied (DGL, Antwort, Identifikation)
7. Kontinuierliche Regler 7.1. P-Regler(Regelabweichung, Proportionalbereich) 7.2. PID-Regler, PIDT1-Regler (DGL, Parameter) 7.3. Reglerauswahl, -einstellung (Ziegler-Nichols, Chien u.a.)
Anhang: Übungsblätter 1 + 2, Dictionary
Vergleicht man ein Automatisierungssystem mit dem menschlichen Körper, dann sind die Rechner (PC, SPS, Mikro-Controller) das Gehirn, die Signalleitungen die Nervenbahnen, die Sensoren die Augen und Ohren, die Aktoren die Muskeln, die Starkstromleitungen die Adern. Alle Teile sind wichtig und müssen zueinander passen.
Biomedizinische Statistik
(2024)
Die klassische konfirmatorische Statistik, auch frequentistische Statistik genannt, setzt voraus, dass man theoretisch unendlich viele Stichproben ziehen kann, und dass dann die aus den Stichproben berechnete Prüf- oder Testgröße unter der Nullhypothese H0 eine bestimmte Verteilung annimmt. Meistens sind die Testgrößen so konstruiert, dass bei Ziehung der Stichproben aus immer derselben Grundgesamtheit (es gilt die Nullhypothese H0) eine Verteilung der Testgröße um den Wert null herum entsteht, z.B. in Form einer Glockenkurve, d.h., kleine Werte überwiegen. Große Werte der Prüf- oder Testgröße kommen mit geringer Wahrscheinlichkeit vor und signalisieren einen möglichen Ausnahmefall. Statt anzunehmen, dass einer der seltenen Fälle einer großen Prüfgröße eingetroffen ist, nimmt man lieber an, dass sich die Grundgesamtheiten unterscheiden (Alternativhypothese HA).
Entwurf und Implementierung einer kamerabasierten Anwendung für ein Mühlespiel für den Panda-Roboter
(2023)
Funktionsweise und Vergleich von Methoden zur Generierung von Punktwolken in einer Versandstation
(2023)
Injury to the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments is not an uncommon occurrence. A rapid movement can already cause such an injury. Reconstruction of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL/PCL) in the knee joint is a complex orthopedic challenge. In this context, the development of a graft preparation system is gaining importance. Such a system will help surgeons prepare grafts accurately and efficiently to optimize reconstruction processes. This can increase the accuracy of graft placement, reduce surgical times, and decrease recovery time and postoperative risk for patients.
This paper focuses on the development of a graft preparation system for ACL/PCL reconstruction in collaboration with Getsch+Hiller Medizintechnik. The challenges and requirements in developing such a system were analyzed to ensure functionality and effectiveness. Existing approaches and technologies were examined to identify potential improvements and innovations. Development included extensive research on ACL/PCL reconstruction using grafts, including various surgical techniques. A detailed analysis of the graft preparation process was performed to identify critical issues. The design of the graft preparation system is based on research data and is performed using CAD. The needs of the target group, customer requirements and findings from research were considered.
In dieser Bachelorarbeit wird die Bedrohungslage durch den Einsatz von frei erhältlichen Drohnen zur Beeinträchtigung der Informationssicherheit von Organisationen umfassend untersucht. Unter Verwendung einer Kombination aus Literaturanalyse, Experteninterviews und Fallstudie wird die Vielfalt der Bedrohungen und die Machbarkeit von Drohnenunterstützte Angriffen auf die Informationssicherheit detailliert beleuchtet. Dabei zeigt sich, dass Drohnen eine reale und vielschichtige Gefahr darstellen. Die Einschätzung der Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit solcher Angriffe ist aufgrund der dynamischen Entwicklung der Drohnentechnologie und der Vielfalt der Anwendungsmöglichkeiten komplex. Diese Arbeit betont die Notwendigkeit für Organisationen, effektive Abwehrstrategien zu entwickeln, und weist auf die Wichtigkeit weiterer Forschung in diesem Bereich hin, um den Herausforderungen der technologischen Entwicklungen und der sich ständig ändernden Bedrohungslandschaft gerecht zu werden.
Konzeptentwicklung einer autonomen Be- und Entlade-Lösung für Ladungsträger von Standardanlagen
(2023)
Die Firma EGS Automation hat unteranderem mehrere Standardanlagen zur Be- und Entladung von Werkzeugmaschinen mit verschiedenen Ladungsträgern im Portfolio. Diese Standardmodelle automatisieren ganze Fertigungen von Produktionsanlagen und können dank ihres Aufbaus die einzelnen Prozesse entkoppeln. Bisher werden die Anlagen manuell von einer Person mittels Transportmittel be-und entladen. Für diese Anlagen ist zukünftig ein autonomes Be- und Entladen vorgesehen, um auch mehrere dieser Anlagen untereinander bzw. miteinander zu vernetzen und zu automatisieren
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit ist die Konstruktion einer Vorrichtung zur Aufnahme unterschiedlicher Drehmomentmessflansche. Diese soll es dem Mitarbeiter erleichtern, die Messflansche ohne Behinderung von laufenden Versuchen zu kalibrieren. Somit wird die Verfügbarkeit der Motoren gesteigert. Zur Umsetzung wurden vier Konzepte entwickelt und bewertet. Das Konzept mit der höchsten Punktzahl wurde weiter ausgearbeitet. Das Projekt wurde erfolgreich mit Bauteil- und Baugruppenzeichnungen abgeschlossen.
Thermal spraying is one of the most important and most efficient methods for coating surfaces. The company "Hugo Kern und Liebers" uses atmospheric plasma spraying for various coating processes such as the metallic coating of functional surfaces to optimize electrical conductivity. In order to gain further experience in the field of thermal spraying and to get a better overview, the processes of thermal spraying were compared in this project. Therefore, in addition to the information on atmospheric plasma spraying, the properties of other processes were collected through research. An Excel table of the process properties provides a good overview and helps with comparisons. The aim of this research work was the differentiation of the processes from each other, to identify advantages and disadvantages and to define areas of application.
Das stoffliche Recycling von Handwerkzeugen stellt eine Herausforderung dar. Hierzu ist eine Trennung der Werkstoffverbunde in ihre Einzelkomponenten erforderlich. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden unterschiedliche mechanische, thermische und chemische Verfahren zusammengefasst, mit welchen dieses Ziel erreicht werden kann. Um den Produktionsprozess der Handwerkzeuge noch ressourcenschonender zu gestalten und die Verwendung von rohölbasierten Kunststoffen zu reduzieren, werden im zweiten Teil der Arbeit Biokunststoffalternativen identifiziert und hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für die Produktion von Handwerkzeugen untersucht.
Da die Anforderungen an ein in der Autotür verbautes Türschloss aufgrund Unfallverhütung stetig steigen, muss auch der Schließbügel an der Karosseriesäule weiterentwickelt werden. Die Konstruktion und Entwicklung ist bisher sehr
kosten- und zeitintensiv. Daher soll parallel zur momentanen Abzugsprüfung durch den Zugversuch, die Simulation dieser Prüfung aufgebaut werden. Im Rahmen dieser Forschungsarbeit wird aufgezeigt, auf welche äußeren Einflussfaktoren besonderen Wert gelegt werden muss und wie detailliert die Simulation aufgebaut sein muss um ein gutes Ergebnis zu bekommen.
For thin zinc sheets for construction purposes different welding techniques like tungsten inert gas (TIG), plasma arc (PAW) or micro-friction stir (μFSW) welding can be used. However, low ultimate tensile strength (UTS) often leads
to cracking in the weld even at low loads. The characteristics of laser welding make it particularly suitable for joining thin sheets and low-melting materials. Nevertheless, little is known about the weldability of thin zinc sheets by laser welding and the effects of the basic process parameters of laser power and travel speed on the welding process and the UTS of the weld. In this study,
thin zinc sheets were welded at different laser powers and travel speeds. Tensile testing of the welded joint showed, that the UTS and elongation at break increase with the energy input per unit length, but the welding process became gradually unstable and the susceptibility for welding defects increased. This leaves only a few laser powers and travel speeds that produce good welds with respect to UTS and elongation at break. Under these conditions laser welding is an alternative processing technique to
TIG, PAW and μFSW, but needs further investigation to
improve its stability. To implement laser welding in highly
automated production processes further research is required on laser welding of rolled zinc alloys.
Dieses Forschungsprojekt, welches auf einer vorausgegangenen Bachelor-Thesis basiert, beschäftigt sich mit der Erstellung eines Planspiels. Mithilfe des Planspiels soll den Studierenden der Vorgang einer Wertstromaufnahme und Wertstromanalyse nähergebracht und das Vorgehen anhand einer nachgebauten Produktionshalle der fiktiven Firma „Tools AG“ vermittelt werden. Die Aufgaben des Planspiels entsprechen dem realen Vorgehen einer Wertstromarbeit. Es werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die Figuren der Produktions-Prozesse, die Aufgabenstellung des Planspiels wie auch die zu lösenden Probleme des Wertstroms vorgestellt.
Bei dem seit 2019 auf dem Markt befindlichen Card-Mailing-System MAILMASTER der Firma Atlantic Zeiser GmbH, handelt es sich um eine Kleinserienmaschine zur Applizierung von Kunststoffkarten auf Briefen. Nach den ersten Kundeninstallationen soll nun die Reduktion von Montage- und Fertigungskosten erfolgen. Zur Identifizierung von Einsparpotential und bei der Ausarbeitung kostengünstigerer Alternativen werden diverse Methoden des Lean Managements genutzt.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit soll ein Werkstückträger für eine teilautomatisierte Montagelinie einer Spindelbaugruppe entwickelt werden. Hauptaugenmerke bei der Entwicklung liegen auf optimiertem Handling für die Montagearbeiter*innen und sinnvolle Gestaltung der Schnittstellen zur Montagelinie. Durch praktische Versuche und iterative Entwicklungsschritte mittels Testaufbauten aus additiven Fertigungsverfahren kann ein anforderungsgerechter Werkstückträger ausgearbeitet werden.
Diese wissenschaftliche Publikation befasst sich mit dem Aufbau und der Funktionsweise der alternativen
Antriebstechnologie Wasserstoffverbrennungsmotor. Es wird das
Potential dieses Motors hinsichtlich der Klimaziele als Antrieb für PKW und schwere Nutzfahrzeuge untersucht. Dazu wird dieser bezüglich des Wirkungsgrads und der CO2-Bilanz mit den herkömmlichen Antrieben Otto- und Dieselmotor sowie den
weiteren alternativen Antrieben Batterie und Brennstoffzelle
verglichen.
Das Ziel des vorliegenden Forschungsprojektes ist
es, ein neues Konzept für ein Messinstrument zu erstellen, um die benötigte Länge von Implantatstäben für die Wirbelsäulenchirurgie ermitteln zu können. Die Implantatstäbe werden genutzt, um Pedikelschrauben in einem Pedikelschraubensystem miteinander zu verbinden. Durch das Konzept soll ermöglicht werden, dass der operierende Arzt die benötigte Implantatlänge bestimmen kann, ohne das vorgesehene Implantat auspacken und erproben zu müssen. Die bisherige single-use-Lösung eines silikonummantelten Aluminium-Probestabes mit entsprechen den Längenmarkierungen soll von dem neu ausgearbeiteten Konzept abgelöst werden. Dafür werden verschiedene Lösungskonzepte erarbeitet und methodisch das geeignetste Konzept gewählt. Für künftige Operationen soll ein Stab aus der Formgedächtnislegierung Nitinol verwendet werden. Der „Probestab“ wird in verschiedenen Längen angeboten (120 mm, 300 mm, 500 mm) und bietet den Vorteil der Mehrfachverwendung. Nachdem der Arzt den Probestab gebogen und als Längenmessinstrument verwendet hat, kann dieser in die Aufbereitung gegeben werden, wo er durch die entstehende Hitze wieder die Ursprungsform erlangt und zum erneuten Einsatz bereit ist.
Die Firma TCS möchte einen Klebeprozess für die Tasten einer Klingenanlage automatisieren. Die Anlage hierzu soll, soweit möglich, selbst entwickelt und gefertigt werden. Besonders die Vorteile des 3D-Drucks und Entwicklertools wie Arduino sollen in dem Projekt genutzt werden und zu einer günstigen Lösung führen. Der erste Schritt in Richtung Automatisierung wird durch eine Zuführlösung ermöglicht, die in dieser Arbeit entwickelt, gefertigt und untersucht wird.
This study explores the complex dynamics influencing the establishment of secondary
vocational exchange programs, with an emphasis on identifying the barriers and
facilitators in this process. Adopting a qualitative research approach, the study seeks to
capture the rich, nuanced experiences of stakeholders and provide context-specific
insights. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals, administrators,
and officials associated with German and United States Vocational Education. Employing
a two-tiered participant selection strategy, a range of perspectives were captured. The
data were analyzed using an inductive approach to thematic analysis, aiming to identify
underlying patterns and themes. Preliminary findings indicate that funding, policy and
governance challenges, educational structures, administrative elements, corporate
attitudes, and socio-cultural influences play significant roles in the establishment of these
exchange programs. The research also underscores the importance of participant
preparedness, program structure, stakeholder interest and engagement, diversity and
inclusion, and innovative program approaches as vital facilitators. These insights can
influence the development of policies and practices for future secondary vocational
exchange programs, thus contributing meaningfully to the larger conversation
surrounding vocational exchange programs and international educational partnerships.
Jährlich sterben etwa 3.000 Menschen bei Verkehrsunfällen in Deutschland. Trotz technischen Fortschrittes der Fahrzeuge und steigender Sicherheit im Straßenverkehr nimmt die Anzahl an Verkehrstoten nur minimal ab. Im Vergleich zu 1950 hat die Zahl an zugelassenen PKW in Deutschland deutlich zugenommen. Um die Anzahl der Todesfälle zu verringern, wurde durch die Europäische Union das 112-eCall Notrufsystem für alle PKW und leichten Nutzfahrzeugen mit einer vollen Typenzulassung ab dem 31.03.2018 verpflichtend eingeführt. Öffentliche Notrufleitstellen sowie der ADAC klagen über häufige Probleme mit dem eCall System. Fahrzeughersteller und andere Firmen dürfen auch ein eigenes eCall Angebot anbieten, wenn gewisse Bedingungen erfüllt sind. Bei Verkehrsunfällen ist eine schnelle Rettung und Transport in ein geeignetes Traumazentrum maßgeblich dafür verantwortlich, welche Überlebenschancen die verletzte Person hat. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die verschiedenen eCall Arten anhand von Leitstellendaten zu untersuchen und zu ermitteln, wie viele dieser Einsätze in den Leitstellen eingegangen sind. Es sollen außerdem die Qualität und die Unterschiede der beiden Systeme in einer örtlichen Analyse ermittelt werden.
The impact of store atmosphere elements on the purchase behaviour and emotions of customers has an important significance in modern marketing. How to design and conceptualize a store atmosphere in such a way that it provides an unforgettable experience for the customer and entices him or her to arouse an interest in the store environment is one of the most fundamental concerns merchants and marketers must ask and think through these days – likewise, the role of culture in connection with store atmosphere is necessary to understand. The goal of this paper is to answer the question on how behavioural and emotional responses to store atmospheric elements such as visual, aural, olfactory, tactile, social, exterior design, interior design and layout & design differ across individualist and collectivist cultures. A cross-cultural analysis between Germans and non-Germans is made in respect to the posed question. A quantitative online survey was conducted, in which a total of 99 valid participants took part, of which 57 were Germans and 42 were non-Germans. This research extended the study of Barros et al. (2019) and added two more separate store atmospheric elements which are the general exterior design and the general interior design. The data was then analyzed, and the findings were ultimately presented. The findings showed that overall store atmosphere elements have similar emotional and behavioural effects on individualist and collectivist cultures with the exception of the general exterior design element, where a significant difference was found. This paper gives a comprehensive overview on the importance of store atmospheric elements in retail and the comparison between Germany which acts as a country that scored relatively high on the Individualism dimension of Hofstede’s national culture model and the countries Turkey, Russia, Portugal, Albania, Bosnia, Romania, Kazakhstan, Vietnam, Sri Lanka and Iraq which serve as a union of cultures that performed high on the Collectivism dimension. Additional research on the topic needs to be done on how culture affects shopper’s emotional and behavioural responses.
Climate change is currently one of the biggest challenges both in terms of danger to natural habitats, wildlife, and humanity. To tackle climate change, we need to reduce our carbon emissions in a fast and decisive way. This thesis studies one of the potential solutions to do so: green hydrogen. More specifically, its potential development by 2030 in Spain using INKA 4.0 scenario planning software.
Green hydrogen shows to have a wide range of applications, from transport to heating and industry with great potential to decarbonize many sectors. It does come, however with a number of important hurdles mainly related to cost, scalability and technical difficulties that will need to be addressed for it to be successful. With this, 10 descriptors were created generating three scenarios to be studied. The most consistent of them, a successful development of green hydrogen in Spain by 2030 is characterized by having all of its descriptors in a favoring state while the other two have some or all in a hindering state, making its development not successful within the established timeframe. Concluding that due to the great challenge the development of green hydrogen is, its success needs to have all factors supporting it.
Einfluss des Klimawandels auf die deutsche Weinindustrie - Zukunftsanalyse für die deutschen Winzer
(2022)
Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit gibt einen Überblick über die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die deutsche Weinindustrie. Das Ziel war es, die zukünftigen Risiken wie auch Chancen für die deutschen Winzer zu ermitteln und anhand der Ergebnisse Handlungsempfehlungen für die zukünftige Weinindustrie zu entwickeln. Um die Forschungsfragen zu beantworten, wurde eine Szenario- Analyse durchgeführt, welche sich an den deutschen Winzern orientiert. Dabei wurden die Einflüsse betrachtet und anhand dieser wurden unterschiedliche Zukunftsprojektionen erstellt. Die Szenario-Analyse zeigte, dass die deutsche Weinindustrie bei den aktuellen Entwicklungen des Klimawandels deutlich als Gewinner hervorgeht. Dennoch müssen Winzer und andere Akteure der Wein- industrie heute bereits wichtige Entscheidungen treffen und sich den Bedingun- gen anpassen um in der Zukunft die entstehen Chancen nutzen zu können.
Cybersecurity threads are a huge problem for all sizes of businesses. The traditional way of protecting valuable resources in the IT-Industry is a perimeter based security strategy. To ensure proper access rights for resources, firewalls, and other network-based inspection tools were used. The current move to the cloud undermines classic security strategies by blurring borders. The Zero Trust approach does not rely on edges and borders to ensure network security. Instead, all connections have to be verified and authenticated individually. In this thesis, a zero trust security model in a heterogeneous open source environment was verified. The three main observations were:
A zero trust architecture is possible, but the implementation is difficult. Half of the issues discovered must be covered by organisational measures. The tools available to cover technical measures are not developed enough. This is expected to change in the near future, as varoius companies already identified this issue.
An average investor trying to allocate his wealth among multiple assets ideally has nearly infinite possibilities to do so. However, asset allocation strategies try to facilitate this process. Nevertheless, no consensus exists on which strategy is ideal and yields the best performance. Therefore, this paper aims to determine an ideal asset allocation strategy for an average investor by comparing two asset allocation strategies.
The focus is on comparing the practical application of Markowitz’s Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), a sophisticated asset allocation strategy, with an equally weighted asset allocation, namely the 1/N strategy. The past performance of these two strategies is compared with the help of a calculation example based on historical data. The quantitative analysis covers three time periods of different lengths between 1991 and 2022. Also, the strategies are applied to portfolios with different amounts of assets during these periods. Although the existing literature is very controversial concerning the performance of the two strategies, this research shows a clear result. Compared to the 1/N strategy, this study’s findings show an outperformance of the MPT strategy during every period and each portfolio combination. However, the difference in performance regarding return and risk is minimal in most scenarios and would not significantly affect an average investor who invests over a long-term horizon.
It is a fundamental right of every natural person to control which personal information is collected, stored and processed by whom, for what purposes and how long. In fact, many (cloud based) services can only be used if the user allows them broad data collection and analysis. Often, users can only decide to either give their data or not to participate in communities. The refusal to provide personal data results in significant drawbacks for social interaction. That is why we believe that there is a need for tools to control one's own data in an easy and effective way as protection against economic interest of global companies and their cloud computing systems (as data collector from apps, mobiles and services). Especially, as nowadays everybody is permanently online using different services and devices, users are often lacking the means to effectively control the access to their private data. Therefore, we present an approach to manage and distribute privacy settings: PRIVACY-AVARE is intended to enable users to centrally determine their data protection preferences and to apply them on different devices. Thus, users gain control over their data when using cloud based services. In this paper, we present the main idea of PRIVACY-AVARE.
Applications for the Internet of Things are becoming increasingly popular. Due to the large amount of available context data, such applications can be used effectively in many domains. By interlinking these data and analyzing them, it is possible to gather a lot of knowledge about a user. Therefore, these applications pose a threat to privacy. In this paper, we illustrate this threat by looking at a real-world application scenario. Current state of the art focuses on privacy mechanisms either for Smart Things or for big data processing systems. However, our studies show that for a comprehensive privacy protection a holistic view on these applications is required. Therefore, we describe how to combine two promising privacy approaches from both categories, namely AVARE and PATRON. Evaluation results confirm the thereby achieved synergy effects.
TSE-Signatur Verifier
(2022)
Trends im Compilerbau
(2022)
CSAF in DefectDojo
(2022)
Artificial First Responder
(2022)
This research identifies positive and negative influence factors by examining the effectiveness of digital video advertising. The objective is to discover ways of leveraging
these factors successfully through an extensive literature review. As this ad format has developed into a staple in most brands' media strategy, it is valuable to drive
understanding of effective implementation forward. Three brands that utilize digital video advertising are selected for an analysis of their recently published ads. This analysis is supported by a suggested model that was developed based on advertising literature to assess ad effectiveness. Results show that the perceived intrusiveness of an ad and the consequential ad avoidance behaviours in consumers represent a hindrance to ad effectiveness. In contrast, elements used in an advertisement that increase its value facilitated ad effectiveness. Credibility, entertainment and informativeness are ad value contributors and impact ad recall, the gateway to positive marketing outcomes such as purchasing decisions. The circumstances under which consumers are exposed to digital video advertisements play a role in if the ad message can effectively be conveyed.
While negative influence factors have their detriment, they can still be counteracted and leveraged. Advertisers and ad-supported video streaming sites like YouTube can find
ways to broadcast ads without significantly impeding the user experience and, in doing so, secure the continued profitability of this promotion format that depends on users
watching ads.
Private equity investors acquire companies, aim to increase the company’s corporate value and thus aim at selling the respective company at a profit after some time. To increase the value of their portfolio companies, private equity investors employ three main value creation strategies. Financial leverage, multiple expansion, and operational value creation. There has been a significant shift in importance between these three value drivers. While in the 1980s more than 50% of value creation was achieved by leveraging equity with the help of debt capital, this value driver only accounted for 15% in the 2010s. Instead, the value driver operational value creation has gained significantly in importance. It alone accounted for 55% of total value creation in the 2010s, more than financial leverage and multiple expansion combined. The aim of this thesis is to answer the question which operational value creation levers private equity investors use to increase the value of their portfolio companies during the holding phase. In addition, the thesis deals with the question of operational value creation drivers of the future. These are derived based on prevailing megatrends of the future. Research on the operational value drivers used by private equity investors revealed that these drivers can be assigned to three main aspects.
These aspects are, on the one hand, financial aspects, where private equity investors take measures to improve working capital. Moreover, within the framework of financial aspects private equity investors influence the cost structure as well as the cost of capital and the capital structure. Furthermore, private equity investors assert influence on the governance structures of their portfolio companies. For the aspect of governance, measures such as replacement of management/change of management structure, monitoring and controlling as well as incentive systems were identified to increase the value of the company. Another identified aspect for value creation are strategic aspects. In terms of strategic aspects, private equity investors use the levers of mergers and acquisitions, organic expansion, outsourcing/insourcing as well as product and pricing strategies.
The research on the value creation levers that private equity investors will have to apply in the future in order to ensure value creation of their portfolio companies is based on the megatrends of digitalization, demographic change and sustainability. The research revealed the implementation of digitalization measures, employee, and talent management as well as the implementation of ESG criteria.
This thesis has structurally outlined value drivers that contribute to value creation in private equity investments. The research also showed that value creation levers taken can directly and indirectly influence the value of the portfolio company. Value drivers II with a direct effect on the change in equity value affect either revenue, margin or net debt, while the indirect value drivers affect the valuation multiple.
This paper analyses five different Cryptocurrencies, namely Bitcoin, Ethereum, XRP, Dogecoin and Litecoin, and studies their impact on traditional financial portfolios under different allocation strategies. The allocation strategies under consideration in this paper are the modern portfolio theory according to Markowitz, an extension of it such as the tangency portfolio, and the equally weighted portfolio. Further, this study explores the effect on the efficient frontier when Cryptocurrencies are added to the efficient portfolios. In addition to that, the paper aims to examine whether the mean – variance portfolio optimization according to Markowitz outperforms the naïve and tangency portfolio strategy. The portfolio performance is evaluated based on the Sharpe ratio. The quantitative analysis of this paper covers the time period from 2017 to 2022, in total five years. In accordance with the existing literature on portfolio optimization with Cryptocurrencies, the study reveals that besides some issues related with Cryptocurrencies such as cybercrime and a lack of regulations, Cryptocurrencies can be beneficial for portfolio diversification with traditional financial assets. Referring to the portfolio strategies, the study highlights that the optimal mean – variance portfolio and tangency portfolio do not differ significantly in terms of Sharpe ratio. However, both strategies outperform equally weighted portfolios.
This thesis aims to ascertain whether the concept of job sharing might be a solution for organizations to adapt their company values to meet the changing principles of society. The shift in demands results from the younger generations seeking different values in their free time, which also influences the demands at work. The disbalance between organizational and individual values leads to employee dissatisfaction and increasing turnover rates. The part-time concept of job sharing is on the rise regarding new work opportunities. Therefore, subtopics including flexibility, work-life balance, gender balance, and diversity in the workforce are positively encouraged through job sharing. The data and research in this thesis are obtained from existing literature on the work concept. Most previous research has focused on the influences on individuals and less on multiple levels within a company. The findings of this paper state that job sharing can significantly impact the value shift of a company in many different facets. Nevertheless, the concept also provides a large number of requirements on several levels which need to be adjusted to benefit from the concept.
Our report focuses on the possible relationships between the occurrence of stressors and the use of VR. The issue was methodologically addressed by developing a general taxonomy of possible stressors in VR through related work and firstly carrying out a series of tests isolating only the baseline of headset-related stress.
Twelve young adults were tested in a pilot study by a specific five minute VR item for qualitative evaluations of the consumed content, their experience with the equipment, and their general experience running through our study. Same tests were carried out with a comparison group in a boxed TV-environment. For both groups, biomedical parameters were derived that indicate the stress level of the subjects (ECG, EDA and Cortisol test/salivette). Additionally the subjects were screened by questionnaires (VRSQ, NASA TLX-raw, semantic differentials) regarding changes in comfort. VR test subjects were screened by the headset's sensor data too (heart rate, pupil diameter, cognitive load).
Qualitative questions could not reveal any major irritations regarding the content of our relaxation scene. The headset’s sensor data did not indicate any cause of stress in subjects, but it is not possible to take baseline measurements without having the subject wear the VR headset. All other data show experimental validity and robustness.
Although knowing that our samples are small and the power of our tests may not be sufficient to detect a precise difference between the means, we decided to perform an experimental statistical analysis of the pilot study subject data (e.g f-tests, equal/unequal, significance level: 0.05).
According to the results and limitations of this analysis, young adults are not likely to experience stress from short-term use of VR headsets where all other VR stressors have been eliminated. Ten hypotheses in this regard have been rejected.
In two experiments, this empirical research examines consumers’ willingness to pay and the likelihood of purchase decisions by thoroughly investigating the neural, behavioral, and psychological properties of packaging design. A general theory is tested by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a NeuroPricing online survey on consumer behavior using the example product Tassimo. Hypotheses are tested with 592 German consumers who evaluated the packaging of Tassimo coffee. A closer look at the neural data from the brain imaging experiment shows that uncertainty can arise among consumers with regard to sustainable packaging and this can have a negative impact on the purchase decision and willingness to pay. The results from both experiments show that it is not possible to make a holistic statement as to which sustainable or enjoyment-focused packaging design increases the likelihood of a purchase decision or the willingness to pay. Implications for future packaging design research and underlying complexities with sustainable packaging are discussed.
Agri-Photovoltaics is a novel renewable energy technology. Amid rising climate change concerns, integrated photovoltaic systems are gaining in importance. Problems such as the increasing scarcity of land and the sealing of fertile soils are becoming more and more serious. Land consumption is often at the expense of agriculture. Farmers are struggling to cope with the ever more difficult conditions due to the effects of climate change. Therefore, the world must increasingly deal with dual use of land. However, especially in Germany the technology of agri-photovoltaics is not yet very advanced. The objective of this thesis is to identify the potential of this technology for the energy transition in Germany. Furthermore, the economic potential for regional farmers in Germany will be elaborated based on an investment appraisal of a vertical agri-photovoltaic system. The application possibilities of agri-photovoltaics are versatile. The work shows that already today farmers in Germany can diversify their income by investing in an agri-photovoltaic system. The costs are higher than for ordinary ground mounted systems, however the land can still be used for agricultural purposes. The investment calculation is carried out in different scenarios. Particularly, the remuneration per kWh as well as the discount factor are decisive for a positive net present value project. The results of this work show that the potential of agri photovoltaics is high for both the energy transition in Germany and the economic benefits for regional farmers. For an increasing expansion of the technology, more precise legislation and appropriate subsidies for agri-photovoltaics are needed.
Currently, the technology is insufficiently covered in German legislation, which needs to be addressed.
Growing environmental awareness, especially among young generations, is reflected in the willingness to accept price premiums for sustainable and recyclable products. In recent years, marketers have focused on reinforcing consumers’ attention and interest in green goods by increasing the effectiveness of various sustainability information on product packaging.
In this thesis, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) investigated the effect of visual and verbal recycling claims on product packaging upon the willingness to pay (WTP). Although findings showed no changes in WTP related to a visual claim, the presence of a verbal claim positively impacted the WTP in two of four cases. Further, significant interactions between the two factors were detected. The results suggest that students considered an imagery seal irrelevant during product evaluation, whilst communicating recycling information with a textual message or with a conjunction of both claims showed a tendency to improve price-value perception. However, results for the verbal and interaction effects showed variations across products. Therefore, one may not draw unequivocal assumptions from the findings of this study without research replication on a larger scale.
Frugality has become a prerequisite for success in a low-resource environment, a reality exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. When it comes to consumer needs, the priorities affordability and functionality are increasingly coming into focus. This study examines how frugal products are performing in developed markets, whether they meet consumer needs, and ultimately if there is a demand for these products.
The aim of this paper is to assess the status of Frugal Innovation (FI) in developed markets, using Germany as an example, and thus consumer behavior, in order to better evaluate the current status and related potentials based on this. The link between FI and environmental and social sustainability can be traced back to and limited to the minimal use of resources. Against the backdrop of the current economic and political situation, these factors represent one of the most significant competitive advantages of today.
This multi-method experiment helps to understand the consumer behavior towards frugal products as well as the opinions and attitude towards it. As a result, it can be said that there is interest in innovation in general as well as FI. The respective buying decisions were balanced, what means that frugal products do not necessarily outperform non-frugal ones, but they are in strong competition. It can be concluded that there will be an increasing demand for frugal products in developed markets such as Germany, especially for certain product categories.
This paper aims to create a foundation for further, in-depth research of the topic Indigenous entrepreneurship in Colombia and other countries, as well as to facilitate the analysis of obstacles in Indigenous businesses. To answer the research question, seven experts are interviewed using semi-structured interview guides based on several deductive categories. The findings are then analysed through a thematic content analysis before they are presented and discussed.
The results show that there are various inter-connected obstacles impeding more success of Indigenous businesses in Colombia, which are not sufficiently studied and addressed. The most important obstacles are corruption and marginalization, as well as resulting conditions like a lack of infrastructure and education. This study emphasizes the importance of, and encourages the realization of further,
profound research regarding this and related topics.
The following study examines the influence selected variables have on the price of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin by utilizing a multiple linear regression model. Data of 267 observations for each variable during a five-year period from 13 August 2016 to 1 October 2021 are analyzed. The results present empirical evidence on the relationship of Bitcoin and external determinants such as traditional financial assets, in particular the stock market, the bond market, domestic currencies, the real estate market, gold, and the popularity of Bitcoin, represented by a Google Trends analysis. The findings imply that only the stock market and the real estate market proxies significantly influence the price of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin.
University-Industry Collaboration (UIC) is considered by academics and industry as a vital factor that has the power to both positively and negatively impact the open innovation (OI). To contribute to the literature and to identify challenges as well as to conceptualize some recommendations to help industries, this thesis raised a question:
what are the challenges of UIC and what recommendations can be made to solve the challenges. The main research objective was to recognize the determinants of UIC challenges. An empirical study was conducted in order to give an answer to the research questions and to meet the research objective. This research explicitly focused on students/interns and internships to analyze and to discover the challenges and solutions since students or internships are the least researched area in the field of UIC research. Participants were personally contacted with the survey link that was created online to conduct explorative research with the help of close-ended (quantitative) and open-ended (qualitative) questions. The results reveal that there are numerous challenges students face during the internship and thus these most likely hinder the successful UIC and ultimately successful OI. According to the results obtained from both quantitative and qualitative sections obvious and major challenges lie in innovation mediators ‘organizational culture’. From the quantitative result perspective only, major challenges are in the area of absorptive capacity and supervisors' support, internalization, and trust. Similarly, from the qualitative results perspective only, major challenges are bad crisis management, communication, and hierarchical structure.
Due to technical advances, multisensory technologies have gained traction in the research and development of many industries. With the launch of virtual and augmented reality systems, the potential for these technologies increased even further. The senses of vision and hearing have long been integrated into current products, leading to the assumption that olfactory stimuli are likely to be included soon to stimulate the sense of smell.
With this trend, the issue of implementation into current digital products and services arises, as odors currently cannot be captured in one place and released in another on a large scale. Therefore, this thesis deals with the nature of smell from a cognitive psychological and technological viewpoint. We show why it makes sense to stimulate the sense of smell in multisensory experiences and present early and current technical standards. In addition to this, we conducted expert interviews enabling us to provide insights into the digital scent and olfaction industry. Among other aspects, our results suggest that there are fundamental challenges that developers have to overcome and that a successful implementation depends on the business application.
Prior research found extremeness aversion effects to be common and robust. Nevertheless, most research neglected the spatial arrangement's influence on a consumer's choice and placed the compromise option of a choice set simultaneously in the spatial middle. Following these findings, five bachelor theses were conducted to investigate both aspects by analyzing numerical and spatial choice architectures – their data comprised three online surveys and three field experiments. This study aimed to compare their findings and analyze their data sets to search for overarching effects. Therefore, we hypothesized that there is either information-format compatibility or a general tendency towards the spatial middle of a choice set. To research this hypothesis, we brought the data sets into a comparable format, analyzed our findings, and conducted t-tests to test for statistical significance. Even though the study could not find overarching effects across the data, it supports the notion that a choice set's spatial arrangement, like the numerical one, can influence consumer behavior. Furthermore, it led to valuable insights for future research approaches concerning expanding extremeness aversion into a spatial dimension.
We, a group of students from the "International Business Administration (IBW)" course at the Faculty of Business and Economics, have carried out a project as part of the subject "Managing Business Processes" that is intended to strengthen HFU's international reputation. This digital cookbook is intended to provide our guest students from partner universities with the opportunity to root the culture they have brought with them. On the other hand, we as hosts would like to convey the local culture to our guest students. By sharing diverse, broad and varied cuisines, we as a community could fulfill our motto of students for students. Not only does the HFU CookBook focus on the culinary arts, but it was also possible to facilitate personal student exchanges through an individual fact sheet. Due to the Corona situation, HFU could not live up to its usual standard for international exchange. Therefore it was important for us to enable the students a personal exchange, based on cultural facts, personal experiences and certain background information.
We hope that all readers of this book will enjoy cooking the recipes and learning about the different cultures.
Bon appétit!
A Descriptive Study on Customer Attitudes towards Green Branding in the Fashion Industry in Germany
(2021)
This paper attempts to provide an up-to-date representation and analysis of customers' attitudes towards green branding in the fashion industry and their willingness to pay (WTP) for sustainable and ethical clothing in Germany. Related literature strands are reviewed to understand how the fashion industry works, what green branding means, and how customer attitudes are shaped. After creating an attitude measurement model, an online questionnaire was designed and sent to Furtwangen University students, with 153 valid responses returned. The descriptive analysis sheds light on the three attitudinal components related to sustainability and ethics in the fashion industry. It is noted that customers do not hold a definite attitude. However, a tendency towards the positive end is ascertained. Significant gaps still exist in terms of knowledge and awareness of some commitment by fashion brands. Another huge factor influencing attitudes appears to be a lack of trust. The behavioral component showed that customers are trying to contribute through proper disposal and are willing to buy sustainable and ethical clothing more often. However, there is still some room for improvement in terms of customer education. Nevertheless, it is found that they are willing to accept an additional contribution for sustainable and ethical clothing. In general, it can be concluded that there is a foundation to improve the fashion industry towards more sustainability. However, all stakeholders, i.e., customers and fashion brands, as well as the government, need to work together to change the industry in the long run.
Die Firma XYZ benötigt einen neu entwickelten Tragarm für die folgende Generation der Schweißzange. Die Konzeption und Entwicklung des Tragarms findet unter den Gesichtspunkten der Fertigungs- und Montagekosten, sowie Nutzerfreundlichkeit und Design statt. Die Nutzerfreundlichkeit und das Design wird mit Hilfe des aktuellen Tragarms und einer Benchmarkanalyse optimiert. Die Benchmarkanalyse zeigt dabei die unterschiedlichen Ansätze der am Markt existierenden Produkte. Die Bewertung der Konzepte findet mit Hilfe einer Nutzwertanalyse statt. Durch die gewichteten Ergebnisse und Interviews mit den Projektbetreuern können Schwachstellen aufgedeckt und weitere Optimierungsmöglichkeiten gefunden werden. Die Konstruktion wird mit analytischen Methoden zur Berechnung und Auslegung ergänzt. Das Ergebnis ist ein Tragarm, dessen Reichweite und Arbeitsraum den Kundenbedürfnissen entspricht. Unter Berücksichtigung der Tragfähigkeit, Kippsicherheit und Nutzerfreundlichkeit weist der Tragarm ein eigenständiges Design mit Kippmechanismus auf, welches eine stufenlose Anpassung des Arbeitsraumes ermöglicht.
Das Ziel des vorliegenden Forschungsprojektes war es, eine kostengünstige, aber effektive und flexible Automatisierungsmaßnahme für Fräsbauteile einzurichten. Dadurch sollte der Mitarbeiter entlastet und für anderweitige Tätigkeiten eingesetzt werden, um durch diesen Aspekt zeitgleich Kosten einzusparen. Zudem musste die Lösung für zukünftige Optimierungen und Veränderungen an der Maschine ausgelegt sein. Durchgeführt wurde das Forschungsprojekt an einer 3-Achs CNC-Fräsmaschine (Chiron Mill 2000). Die Automatisierung bezieht sich auf die Entnahme von unterschiedlich langen Werkstücken (76 bis 400 mm), deren Abtransport aus dem Maschinenumfeld sowie das Nachschieben des Rohmaterials. Um eine zielgerechte Lösung zu finden, wurden Methoden wie der morphologische Kasten herangezogen. Es entstand eine einfach handhabbare und kosteneffiziente Lösung mit einem Transportband, einem pneumatisch beaufschlagten Spindelgreifer und einem profilgenauen, konstruiertem auf den Greifer montierbaren Fingerpaar. Mit dem Forschungsprojekt wurde eine deutliche Steigerung der Eingriffszeit durch einen Mitarbeiter ermöglicht, wobei aber die Prozesszeit für einen Zyklus angestiegen ist. Zudem konnten die Kosten für die Produktion der Bauteile deutlich gesenkt werden. Durch die Automatisierungslösung konnte der Werker von monotonen Arbeitsgängen befreit und für stärker wertschöpfende Tätigkeiten gewonnen werden.
Die additive Fertigung von Bauteilen aus Kunststoff bietet einige Vorteile gegenüber der klassischen Fertigung durch Spritzguss. Da das Herstellungsverfahren jedoch einen großen Einfluss auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften eines Bauteiles hat, wird in dieser Untersuchung das anisotrope Verhalten von Polyamid, das durch FDM verarbeitet wird, analysiert und dem Spritzguss gegenübergestellt. Des Weiteren wird auf der Grundlage der Ermittlung von Materialkennwerten im Zugversuch ein FEM-Modell aufgebaut. Dadurch wird eine Möglichkeit zur Vorhersage der Verformungen von anisotropen, additiv gefertigten Bauteilen geschaffen.
Die derzeitige Kühlkreisregelung einer bestehenden Drehmaschinenbaureihe, welche ein kontinuierliches Erwärmen der Werkzeugspindel während der Bearbeitung nicht verhindern kann, wurde im Rahmen dieser Projektarbeit optimiert. Hierbei verkürzt die neue Kühlkreisregelung der Werkzeugspindel sowohl die Warmlaufphase und gewährleistet gleichzeitig eine gleichbleibende Temperatur der Komponenten bei der Bearbeitung der Werkstücke. Dies sorgt für eine konstante Spitzenhöhe der Spindel sowie des Reitstockes über mehrere Betriebsstunden hinweg. Auch die Kühlung des Hydrauliköls wurde optimiert, sodass dieses deutlich schneller als bisher auf Betriebstemperatur erwärmt und anschließend konstant gehalten werden kann.
This paper deals with the constructive adaptation of an existing mechanical single-jet valve meter (valve meter driven only by a water jet) for the realisation of a digital system. For this purpose, an existing mechanical single-jet valve meter system is constructively adapted in such a way that the existing mechanical counter can be replaced by an existing digital counter. Subsequently, the measuring behaviour of the newly created meter system is examined on a testing bench
Das Streben des Menschen nach persönlichem Wohlbefinden steigt mit dem Wohlstand – die aktuelle Pandemiezeit wirkt hier stark beschleunigend. Den Traum von einem eigenen Wellnessbereich im privaten Heim erfüllen sich immer mehr Privatpersonen.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Geschäftsprozess der Saunafertigung untersucht. Dabei lag der Fokus der Analyse auf den einzelnen Prozessschritten des Fertigungsprozesses hinsichtlich Zeit, Material, Maschine und Mensch. Die herausgearbeiteten Optimierungsansätze orientieren sich dabei an dem magischen Dreieck und der Digitalisierung.
Es zeigte sich, dass viele Prozessschritte noch händisch und in Papierform durchgeführt werden. Der technisch bereits mögliche Einsatz von digitalbasierten Schritten ist nicht in vollem Umfang ausgeschöpft. Für eine effiziente zukunftsorientierte Prozessgestaltung ist die weitere Digitalisierung unerlässlich.
Parylene-C is used for various biomedical devices because of its high conformity and biocompatibility. However, delamination could occur because of low adhesion between Parylene-C and other materials. For this experiment 4-inch Si-wafers are used. Parylene is deposited by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Silane A-174 as adhesion promoter is added between Parylene-Parylene layers. The samples are soaked at different duration 1 h, 24 h and 120 h in PBS solution at 37 °C. A peel test is further performed to investigate the adhesion properties of the samples.
This work gives the theoretical background which is needed to understand what self-assembling monolayers are, how they work, how and for what they can be used. A closer look is taken on the possibility to create an area selective atomic layer deposition process. In a practical experiment the foundation for this process is laid. Therefor a silicon wafer is coated with gold using a evaporation process. The gold samples are exposed to the SAMs solution to grow them. Contact angle measurements as well as Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy are used to check the existence of SAMs on the gold samples. Also there is investigated if different exposure times make any differences.
Investigation on adhesion strength of Parylene-C coatings with different adhesion promotion methods
(2021)
Delamination of encapsulation materials (here the polymer Parylene-C) is one of the biggest failure mechanisms for active medical implants. This problem is addressed by the application of different pre-treatment and adhesion promotion methods. The methods applied in this research are oxygen and Silane A-174 solution pre-treatment and Silane A-174, titanium oxide and Trimethylsilane as adhesion promoters. The adhesion forces of these methods are quantified after different soaking times in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution to mimic environment of the human body.
ALD can be used in medical technology to produce thin and stable protective coatings. For example, such coatings can be used as tarnish and oxidation protection for silver electrodes used in high-frequency surgery. For the investigation of the pretreatment method, platelets of sterling silver were used instead of silver electrodes. Three methods were used to pretreat the silver substrates. The first pretreatment method is cleaning with acetone and isopropanol. In the other two, the samples are additionally cleaned with a phosphoric acid etching mixture or citric acid. The pretreated substrates were coated using the atomic layer deposition method. 45 nm of aluminum oxide was deposited on the silver samples, followed by another 45 nm of titanium oxide. Subsequently, the samples were autoclaved in order to check the clinical routine and the reusability. The results show a significantly improved adhesion in contrast to samples that were not cleaned. The layer no longer flakes off the silver substrate. Nevertheless, small blisters appear on the protective layer after autoclaving. These indicate that the layer is weakened by the stress.
Optogenetics and optogenetic systems cover a wide range of applications in the research of neurological pathways. In this overview, relevant aspects regarding the development of optogenetic systems should be shown. These are the optogenetic systems – opsins and optical switches – as well as optoprobes, materials, application areas and limitations of these applications. Additionally, a short outlook should be given. No detailed analysis for specific optogenetic systems or their partial aspects were carried out.
In the present work, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was pretreated with oxygen plasma to investigate the influence on the contact angle and surface energy. For this purpose, PEEK samples were fabricated over several manufacturing steps, which were used as substrates for later investigations. A series of measurements was performed at a power of 300 W for different treatment durations and the contact angle of H2O on the PEEK surface was determined. The results show that plasma pretreatment significantly affects the surface modification of PEEK disks. The best hydrophilic properties of the PEEK surfaces were measured at a treatment time of 540 s and a power of 300 W. A much longer treatment time caused the correlated values of contact angle and surface energy to increase and in this case an excessive treatment time did not contribute to a further increase in hydrophilicity.
The paper shows the influence of low-pressure plasma on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to achieve improved layer adhesion between PET and ALD multilayers. The literature describes a relationship between functional groups that are incorporated into the polymer surface and better layer adhesion. In this work, the relative number of functional groups after treatment on the surface of PET was measured by the surface energy.
The PET film Hostaphan® RNK was exposed to oxygen and argon plasma with varying treatment times. Subsequently, the surface energy was determined via the contact angle measurement.
The investigations have shown that with increasing treatment time in the oxygen plasma, an increasing surface energy is associated, which is due to the increased incorporation of functional groups, such as hydroxy groups. Furthermore, the results have confirmed the thesis that if the plasma treatment is too long, oxidation takes place on the polymer surface and thus the surface energy decreases. Another aspect that has emerged in the results of the study is the subordinate role of the power of the plasma.
Since the study has not proven the connection between a good layer adhesion, of ALD multilayers on PET, and a high surface energy, this work should serve as an indication for the investigation of this thesis.
Um bei Winkelmessungen zu geringen Kosten nicht in der Anzahl der Umdrehung beschränkt zu sein, wird eine Neuentwicklung eines Low-Budget Drehgebers in diesem Projekt verfolgt. Die Anforderungen sind hierbei Herstellkosten im einstelligen Bereich, eine Auflösung von ca. 0,1° und der Drehgeber soll auf Arduino-Basis betrieben werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es mit Hilfe von Simulationen die Grenzen des Systems festzulegen, mit diesen Erkenntnissen einen Prototyp zu erstellen und diesen anschließend mit einem Messgerät zu validieren.
In dieser wissenschaftlichen Publikation werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten alternativer Energieträger vor allem im Automobilbereich vorgestellt und miteinander bezüglich Schadstoffausstoß, Speicherung, Gesamtwirkungsgrad und Infrastruktur verglichen. Aufgrund des hohen Potenzials von Methan als alternativem Energieträger wird genauer auf die Modifizierung des Verbrennungsmotors bei Verwendung von Methan als Kraftstoff eingegangen. Da für die Gewinnung der meisten hier vorgestellten Energieträger elektrische Energie benötigt wird, spielt die Energiequelle eine große Rolle für die Zukunft des automotiven Antriebs.