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Climate change, commodity price volatility and scarcity of natural resources are some of the clear signals that indicate the unsustainability of the traditional linear economy.
Manufacturing companies in the European Union are becoming aware of playing a key role at the heart of these problems, as they are responsible of determining the impact that products have on the environment and on the economy, during their first lifecycle and after. Manufacturers therefore started to acknowledge the possibility of adapting their business model to circular strategies. The main objective of circular economy is the decoupling of economic growth from natural resources while providing economic and environmental prosperity. This study aims to determine whether circular economy can represent a viable alternative to the current linear economic system in the context of European manufacturing sector. To answer this question, a literature review was conducted to gather qualitative existing data that has been selected according to relevance and analyzed.
The results showed that circular economy has the potential to be successfully applied to the European manufacturing sector, representing a prosperous alternative to the traditional linear economy.
Sustainability first caught greater attention when the Brundtland commission first published their report “Our Common Future”. Since then, a lot has been done to fight against climate change. Sustainability has become one major issue in the daily business of companies. One industry that is surely going to change as a cause of the increased awareness of sustainability issues is the automotive industry. The disruptive electrification push plays an important role in the fast changing industry. E- mobility solutions as a means for more sustainable mobility are demanded more and more by customers. Also, governments shape the change in the industry with new regulations, bonus payments for buying electric cars and their emission targets. All this might sooner or later push traditional combustion engine cars out of the market. New players like Tesla focusing only on electric vehicles are entering the market and traditional car companies are changing their business towards e-mobility as well. That this change works well, companies also will need a well-developed marketing as well as brand positioning strategy and this is where the concept of green marketing kicks in. Broadly spoken, green marketing is the marketing of products that minimize the negative effects on our environment. Therefore, the thesis is generally researching the details of literature on green marketing and brand positioning. Later on, a detailed transition to the automotive industry is made with the analyzing of the three companies Volkswagen, BMW and Tesla. The thesis works out how those three companies managed to transfer their marketing mix into a green one and how this then affected their brand positioning. The thesis discusses the findings critically and gives implications for theory and practice as well as a guide to what needs to be done to be recognized as a green player in the automotive industry.
Low profitability is one of the major problems of the airline industry and one approach to solve it is that selling ancillary services to passengers which is called a-la-carte pricing. While this strategy has had some success in terms of additional revenue generation, especially for the low-cost airlines, full-service airlines struggle to implement this approach since their brand image is equivalent to better comfort and complimentary services served to their customers. Therefore, a new and possibly more effective strategy about the ancillary services comes into play which is called the a-la-carte options strategy. This strategy suggests rather than removing the complimentary ancillary services, the airlines can offer a certain number of reward miles to their frequent flyer program members to not choose to use that free ancillary service. By doing that the customer would receive free reward miles and the airlines would save from a substantial cost factor from ancillary services since the reward miles are low-cost for them. In this research, the potential cost reduction of a-la-carte options, optimal mile offer, and the possible customer reaction for launching the strategy are examined. First, potential cost reduction is calculated with real scenarios and flights. Second, customer responses are assessed with a survey conducted. The results show that a-la-carte options strategy can be highly effective on cost-cutting and customers tend to accept and use this strategy. Therefore, a-la-carte options strategy is potentially a good and effective instrument to fight the sector’s long-standing profitability problem by decreasing ancillary service and other customer service operation costs.
The goal of this bachelor thesis is to find out if Lidl is well prepared for the future challenges in the retail sector. Change management plays an important role, as implementing new aspects into a business requires change. As change management is a well-covered topic, the goal was to understand how change management works and what kind of problems might come up in theory. By interviewing experts within Lidl, it was aimed to find out where Lidl is positioned compared to the competition and what potential plans are ahead but also what kinds of challenges Lidl as a company is facing. It shows that implementing change requires good shareholder management, communication but also understanding the market to know which change makes sense or not. At the end the goal is to define risks and to assess if Lidl is well positioned to maintain the success.
Die digitale Disruption ist in vollem Gange und dies nicht nur für Konzerne, sondern auch für mittelständische Unternehmen. Künstliche Intelligenz nimmt hierbei eine wichtige Rolle ein. Aus diesem Grund sollten Mittelständler den Anschluss nicht verpassen, damit deren gegenwärtiger und zukünftiger Erfolg nicht darunter leidet.
Das Ziel in der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es zu beantworten, welche Möglichkeiten es im Rechnungswesen gibt, auf welchem aktuellen Stand mittelständische Unternehmen hinsichtlich der KI-Anwendungen im Rechnungswesen sind und vor welchen Herausforderungen sie stehen. Darüber hinaus, werden zum einen die Chancen und Risiken, die sich durch solch eine intelligente Technologie ergeben, veranschaulicht und die Auswirkungen auf den zukünftigen Beruf des Controllers beleuchtet.
Dazu wurde eine qualitative Studie mit Experten aus mittelständischen Unternehmen durchgeführt. Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurde deutlich, dass der Einsatz von KI in mittelständischen Unternehmen im Rechnungswesen gering ist. Dies betrifft insbesondere das Controlling, da in diesem Bereich bislang gar keine KI-Technologien zum Einsatz kommen. Das fehlende Know-how, das Fehlen eines Verantwortungsbereichs, der für die Ideensammlung von KI-Einsatzfeldern zuständig ist und die Priorisierung von anderen Bereichen mit der Ausstattung von KI-Anwendungen sind unter anderem Gründe hierfür. Das zeigt, dass das Potential, welches im Rechnungswesen herrscht, nicht vollständig genutzt wird. Dadurch werden Chancen, wie die der Mitarbeiterentlastung und der damit verbundenen Verbesserung der Analysetätigkeiten außen vor gelassen. Zusätzlich wurde durch die Studie ersichtlich, dass der Beruf des Controllers in mittelständischen Unternehmen noch immer derselbe ist, obwohl davon ausgegangen wird, dass sich dieser aufgrund der digitalen Transformation zukünftig ändern wird. Dies hat zur Folge, dass Controller in mittelständischen Unternehmen derzeit hinzukommende Aufgaben selbst übernehmen müssen, da Fachkräfte, die hierfür zuständig wären, dem Arbeitsmarkt nicht ausreichend zur Verfügung stehen.
By researching the influence of heuristics and biases on investment decisions and performance of investors in the exchange, this paper contributes to the field of behavioral finance. The paper adopts a generalized perspective on investors and markets in the exchange and provides insights into investors’ decision-making behavior that challenge the traditional assumption of perfectly rational market agents. Thus, it presents statistically significant evidence that investors may not resemble the concept of perfect rationality, as they use heuristics and comply with the prospect theory in investment decisions. Therefore, these decisions are shaped by systematic errors known as biases. The paper’s focus comprises the heuristics of availability, representativeness and anchoring and adjustment as well as the prospect theory. These psychological concepts are investigated for their impact on investment decisions and for subsequent effects on investors’ performances. The investment performance, for this purpose, is measured by investors’ returns. In addition, these psychological elements are studied comparatively to detect interrelations between them and to identify differences in the magnitude with which they influence investment decisions of distinct groups of investors. The paper involves an analysis of quantitative primary data collected by an international survey. Thus, a sample of 297 investors with different characteristics is analyzed. Although the study reveals that investors in the exchange behave according to the considered psychological elements in their investment decisions without differences between groups, it does not show that this entails performance-inhibiting consequences. However, a negative relationship between the investors’ age and their compliance with these elements is found.
This thesis is motivated by the possibility for individuals to diversify their saving methods to allow for more financial safety, by investing into company stocks. If chosen well, stock investments offer attractive returns and prospects, however this choice can be daunting, and assistance may be required. In the context of other options that assist in decision-making related to stock options, this research aims to design and implement a relational database, that offers a transparent overview of financial information of stocks, developed to assist individuals in making decisions for investments in the stock market. The database should also be maintainable. After the design, implementation, and enhancement of the database with data, the database was tested for functionality, maintainability, and transparency. Then, application examples were constructed to examine the usability of the concept to assist with decision-making, aiming to create consistent positive returns within the created portfolios. It was found that the database fulfilled all desired characteristics and produced positive returns in the application examples. However, the ability of creating consistent outcomes was not given. These results indicate that the database can be used to organize stock-related information, however, is not usable to assist with decision-making.
Global collaborations are becoming increasingly relevant in product projects. Therefore it is necessary to understand the different project management approaches on how global projects are carried out and what the differences are.
This bachelor thesis is a review of two project management manuals, which were designed by the company itself, on how project management at an internationally operating commercial vehicle manufacturer works with the focus being on time and risk management.
The aim of this thesis is to give recommended actions which improve the project steering, collaboration and the general approach in regards of time and risk management.
To achieve this goal a review of both project management manuals as well as expert interviews were carried out. Qualitative expert interviews were conducted with German- and English-speaking colleagues from different plant locations all around the world. Specifically, 12 questions included background knowledge and project work knowledge and were related to the two manuals, with the focus being on time and risk. The interviewees were required to be actively involved in at least one project and therefore have project work experience and thus are using one of the own project management manuals.
The answers of the interviews, as well as the current manuals contribute to the findings and based on the findings, it is recommended to create an example project for training purposes, to create a list of projects in order to divide the work, to use sprints or detailed planning, to focus on five top risks, to create a social intranet page dedicated to project management and to create a clear meeting plan in advance.
Moving places in cars impacts human activity daily. Therefore, living in a world without cars is inconceivable. While demand for cars exists, supply experiences shortcomings. Customers receive their vehicles with only one key or must deal with long delivery times. There is a correlation between the car industry, supply shortfalls and the current state of the world regarding COVID-19. The objectives of this research are examining how the semiconductor chip shortage affected sales and production of German car manufacturers and what strategic conclusions can be drawn for the future. To reach the objectives a quantitative theory analysis of existing literature was applied. The chosen car manufacturers are Audi AG, BMW AG, and Mercedes-Benz Group AG.
The results show that all objects to the research topic experienced a decline in production and sales. Further, that the semiconductor shortage, mainly anticipated by the pandemic, revealed the fragility of supply networks of the automotive industry. Different strategic attempts may cure supply chain management issues as such; however, it depends on the evaluation of the automotive industry whether this crisis carries a sustainable effect with its presence or not.
The aim of the thesis is to apply the theoretical ideas of the internal analysis and the blue ocean strategy to the case of Nintendo and their then newly released Wii console. In doing so the author will address the question about the success of a console that became a worldwide success despite its technical inferiority compared to its competitors based on the swift in the corporate strategy including the internal strengths of the company.
It will explain in detail how the internal analysis can be used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a company which when combined with a specific business strategy, can lead to sustainable competitive advantage and the creation of a blue ocean.
For this purpose, the author uses the internal analysis tools of the value chain such as the VRIO framework as well as the blue ocean strategy derived by Kim and Mauborgne.
In the context of the Thesis I helped myself above all with the books of the creators of the models. In addition, from Internet sources and newspaper reports since one finds in the context of the investigation for consoles few technical literature.
During my application of the models I finally came to the conclusion that Nintendo has implemented the theoretical models in the best possible way and on the basis of these it is possible to follow the process of company restructuring. Moreover, through the theoretical models it was possible to validate the strengths and weaknesses of the company and to put them in context.