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This master thesis explores the divergent consumer preferences within e-commerce sales funnels in China and Germany, two of the world's leading e-commerce markets. This comparative study explores the complexities of website design preferences, the influence of cultural elements on consumer decision-making, and the drivers of consumer loyalty and repeat purchases, with China's rapid adoption of digital technology and innovative marketing strategies set against Germany's mature market and consumer trust.
A mixed-methods approach is used in the research, combining quantitative and qualitative analysis. Insights into consumer behaviors and preferences influenced by cultural, economic, and technical aspects are provided by a thorough analysis of scholarly literature, case studies, and consumer surveys from both nations. The report highlights the distinctive features of each market by examining important elements such as digital innovation, sustainability, social integration, data protection, and mobile commerce in e-commerce practices.
Remarkably, the thesis seeks to provide practical insights to German e-commerce practitioners. German businesses can learn more about properly aligning their marketing and operational goals with consumer expectations by studying the successful techniques employed in China. This research contributes to academic understanding while also having implications for marketers and e-commerce platforms looking to improve user engagement, conversion rates, and the overall online shopping experience in the dynamic global e-commerce world.
Die wirtschaftliche Welt entwickelt sich stetig weiter und Globalität spielt eine immer größere Rolle. Viele Unternehmen wollen und müssen eine langfristige Partnerschaft oder zumindest eine kurzweilige Zusammenarbeit mit internationalen Produzenten verschiedenster Güter eingehen. Um optimale Ergebnisse zu erhalten, sollte es eine faire Verhandlungsart auf beiden Seiten geben. Die vorliegende Thesis beschäftigt sich daher mit unterschiedlichen Fragen zum Thema unfairer Geschäftspraktiken, legt aber den Fokus auf Fairness in ebensolchen.
Bei der Begriffsklärung war vor allem die Dissertation von Tobias Großmann eine große Bereicherung, da er in dieser nicht nur unterschiedliche Definitionen von Fairness vorstellt, sondern auch Studienergebnisse präsentiert, welche konkreten Faktoren der Fairness explizit von professionellen Verhandlungsführern wahrgenommen und als wichtig bzw. unwichtig erachtet werden. Anhand dieser Analysewerkzeuge war es dann möglich verschiedene juristische Verhandlungsurteile, nach einer kurzen Beschreibung, auf Fairness oder Unfairness zu untersuchen. Dabei hat sich herausgestellt, dass Gerechtigkeit nicht gleich Fairness bedeuten muss.
Da es in dieser Thesis hauptsächlich um faire Verhandlungen in der Arbeitswelt, zum Beispiel zwischen Einkäufern einer Firma, geht, wird dargestellt, warum solche Verhandlungen stattfinden und welche Eigenschaften sie besitzen müssen, um als fair zu gelten. Dazu wurden verschiedene Werke der Verhandlungsliteratur zu Rate gezogen. Bei privaten Verhandlungen gelten oftmals die gleichen Regeln wie bei beruflichen Verhandlungen. Zu den fairen Techniken gehören z.B. die passende Umgebung, die die Kreativität der Verhandlungsteilnehmer fördern kann, ein offener und ehrlicher Umgang miteinander, sowie ein kollaborativer Verhandlungsstil, der zu gemeinsamen Lösungen führt. Hier sei vor allem das Harvard Konzept von Fisher und Ury erwähnt, dass wohl das sozialste und fairste Konzept von Verhandlungsführung vorstellt. Man könnte meinen, dass Manipulationen als unfair dargestellt werden. Bei der Anfertigung dieser Arbeit hat sich jedoch herausgestellt, dass es durchaus auch manipulative Strategien gibt, die professionelle Verhandlungsführer als fair ansehen. Warnungen oder die Anpassung der eigenen Körperhaltung an sein Gegenüber zählen dazu, wohingegen Drohungen als klar unfair und aggressiv gelten. Wichtig jedoch ist, dass dies nicht für alle Kulturen gleich gilt, wie im Weiteren entdeckt wurde.
Es hat sich gezeigt, dass Konflikte ein wesentlicher Bestandteil von Verhandlungen sind. Friedrich Glasl hat die einzelnen Eskalationsstufen in seinem Ratgeber für Konfliktmanagement beschrieben, sowie Lösungsvorschläge vorgestellt, die dabei helfen sollen, die Konflikte noch zu lösen oder zumindest das Schlimmste abzuwenden. Die vorliegende Arbeit schlägt eine Brücke zu internationalen Verhandlungen, daher wird auch die A6-Konflikt- und Verhandlungsmethode von Mark Helmold vorgestellt, die sich speziell mit dem globalen Aspekt beschäftigt.
Da der Fokus auf Verhandlungen im Arbeitsleben liegt, geht es im weiteren Kapitel um die Fairness bei internationalen Verhandlungen und welche Aspekte und Regeln es hier geben kann. Bei der Analyse von Kulturen konnten sich zum Beispiel Unterschiede in der Vertrauensbildung, der Signifikanz von Beziehungen und dem Grad der Kommunikation finden. Dieses kurze Kapitel führt dann zum letzten Inhaltspunkt, den Verhandlungen im asiatischen Raum, das aber speziell Verhandlungen mit Händlern der Volksrepublik China beleuchtet. Um ihre Verhaltensweisen, die von Westeuropäern besonders und fremdartig empfunden werden können, zu verstehen, wird ein kurzer Blick auf die Historie von Händlern in China geworfen, es wird die Frage geklärt, warum Verhandlungen gerade in China immer wichtiger werden und wie genau der chinesische Verhandlungsstil aussieht. Dabei werden verschiedene Symbole, das Konzept von Ying Yang, sowie Strategeme, vorgestellt. Auch der Charakter des typischen, chinesischen Verhandlers wird näher betrachtet. Zu guter Letzt können dann daraus Implikationen für professionelle Verhandlungen in China geschlossen werden.
This research examines the impact of social media on consumer behavior, focusing on how consumer behavior and habits change after the use of social media by German and Chinese young consumers. A comparison of the differences between the two groups is also conducted. The study was conducted based on theoretical background and terminology, followed by six hypotheses. Then this research determined the scope, target population, and sample size before using focus groups and online questionnaires as survey methods. While analyzing the questionnaire data, the research tested the hypotheses and demonstrated the effects between the variables. The results indicated partial agreement with existing studies. Browsing time positively correlates with the purchase journey. The duration of online discounts negatively correlates with transaction speed. Young consumers' demand increases with the amount of time they spend browsing product advertisements. However, some findings ran counter to previous investigations. The impact of SMM on young consumers has no adverse effect on the time spent browsing products. Moreover, only in some cases, young consumers' purchase intentions are positively correlated with demand.
Keywords: Young consumers, Social media marketing, Consumer behavior, Purchase journey, Purchase intention, Online time-limited discounts, Demand
Die vorliegende Arbeit ermöglicht eine Erkenntnis über die Herausforderungen, die die chinesischen Unternehmen AliExpress und Shein implizieren und den aktuellen Erfolg auf dem Markt, der durch angewandte Strategien bestehend bleibt. Das Ziel der Arbeit umfasst die Herausforderungen der beiden Unternehmen, die diese ihren Kunden gegenüberstellen und den angewandten Marketing-Strategien, die grundlegend dafür sind, Problematiken als primärer Kunden nicht allzu kritisch aufzufassen. Für die Analyse wurden Problemfelder dargestellt und anhand einer Umfrage diskutiert. Die Analyse bietet einen Überblick über die Herausforderungen, dennoch sind Optimierungsansätze nicht vollständig realisierbar. Die steigende Popularität der beiden Online-Shops ist auf bestehende Strategien zurückzuführen und diese sollen auch weiterhin ausgeführt werden und die Schwierigkeiten überwiegen.
Concerns about China’s currency intervention strategy against the U.S. dollar and other major currencies have been raised by many members of congress for more than a decade. They view it as one of several distorting economic policies China is employing to gain an unfair advantage over their competitors. Assuming the RMB is a freely traded currency, they argue that China’s currency strategy is designed to lower the cost of exports and raise the cost of imports greatly.
Problem and Objective: How is China competing with the USA to become the economic world leader? This paper examines the interconnection among three major economic components in the Chinese economy through financial development, international trade, and economic growth.
Method: The research method involved the exploration of articles authored by economic scholars who have concluded that productivity increases significantly contribute to China’s rapid economic expansion. Numerous articles were retrieved from the website to explain how China is slowly becoming the world economic giant overtaking the United States.
Findings: Scholars expect to have significant economic growth in China, surpassing the individual European countries in terms of ranks and G.D.P. size. The entry of China into the W.T.O. depends on the successful completion of the multilateral phase of accession negotiations. Its membership will significantly impact the international trading systems for numerous reasons. First, the admission serves as a template for various transition economies looking to join the W.T.O due to the increasing demand that the Chinese have accepted within the bilateral phase, the W.T.O. admission negotiations deter the entry of various new members. Secondly, China has taken critical steps towards meeting some of its W.T.O. obligations and the steps that can complete the process that may disappoint some individuals within the organization. Due to the large volume of international trade, there is a risk that trade conflicts can overburden the capacity of the W.T.O. to settle disputes. Third, China has a critical role in shaping various multilateral trade negotiations agendas. The developing nation is also one of the top trading countries, and China is a forceful advocate within the next round for the interest of various developing nations.
Conclusion: US congress has long been concerned about China’s currency policies and economic growth. The RMB’s value versus the dollar has risen by 34 percent nominal and 42 percent actual since 2003. Another concern is China’s use of industrial policies to subsidize priority domestic firms while restricting foreign market access. China’s financial system could be severely undermined if the proportion of non-performing loans increases dramatically due to policies that promote significant gross fixed investment and are primarily backed by low-cost credit policies.
In the opinion of many observers, RMB value is undervalued because of Chinese government restrictions on its value.
While the global economy is suffering from the consequences of COVID-19, China has managed to tackle the crisis and was able to restart the national economy within a few months. The objective of this study is to identify how the German industry in China was able to restart after the impact of the COVID-19 crisis. The conducted research is based on two underlying research questions: “How did the German industry in China overcome the COVID-19 crisis?” and “which future trends are emerging in German companies because of the COVID-19 crisis?”. To answer these questions, qualitative expert interviews with representatives of the German industry in China were conducted. As experts for their respective company, the interviewees were able to provide firsthand experience for this research. More specifically, they were questioned about the measures that were taken to combat the epidemic, their impact on the economy and potential trends that may emerge as a result of the crisis. The interviews showed that the Chinese government and German companies both implemented effective measures to fight the economic impact of the epidemic. Furthermore, the study was able to identify future trends that stem from the concepts that were developed to overcome the crisis. The COVID-19 outbreak was a catalyst for these trends. The risk-based containment approach of the Chinese government in combination with the measures taken within the companies, such as the immediate establishment of task forces and the implementation of alternate working models, was a successful strategy to overcome the COVID-19 crisis. Recognizing the trends that emerged from the crisis and acting accordingly will be essential for German companies.
China’s increasing importance in the pharmaceutical industry has attractedthe attention of the mechanical engineer for packaging machinery, Christ Packing Systems. Issues in entering the market have raised questions about the understanding of target customers in China and how the distribution system works. An in-depth understanding of the Chinese pharmaceutical market allows Christ Packing Systems to successfully approach the market.Based on interviews with experts in the field, industry reports and strategic analysis, this research paperwill provide insights into the pharmaceutical industry in China and its challenges and opportunities for Christ Packing Systems. Results show that pharmaceutical companies and their suppliers have to cope withgreat uncertainty. The involvement of the Chinese government stimulates the development of more and more innovative manufacturers of brand medicine. Drastically reducing prices for medicineand making them affordable for everyone in Chinais one of the governments’big goals. After supply shortages of critical medicines during the Covid-19 crisis, China has to expect that foreign groups will move some of their production closer to their customers in Europe and the United States. On the other hand, China is one of the most attractive marketsfor pharmaceutical companies. The largest population of the world which is ageingand increasingly suffers from chronic diseases, demands high quantities of medicine. Adding to that, the growing middle class and an improved healthcare system enables more and more people in China to afford and have access to pharmaceuticals. With this great market potential, Christ Packing Systems is advised to further pursue and intensify its market expansion to China. There are several alternatives to successfully enter the market while keeping the risks and costs at a reasonable level.
With the advent of a worldwide internationalization and globalization companies around the globe have been looking to increase their market shares abroad (K Aiginger, H Handler, 2017).
For the German automotive industry in particular and therefore the German tool industry respectively, the Chinese market has become a very lucrative and important marketplace in recent years (A Fraß, 2016).
This thesis is presenting a case study for the German family-run business Hufschmied Zerspanungssysteme GmbH. It is meant as a foundation and guideline for any future business endeavors in the Chinese market for Hufschmied Zerspanungssysteme GmbH. This thesis consequently examines the current market situation for the tool industry in China and analyses Hufschmied´s competitiveness of its current product portfolio.
The German machine tool industry is supplying different branches in China, for this case study a closer look at the aviation industry and automotive industry will be taken.
The Chinese market has been exhibiting a large growth over the last few years, but current events such as the implementation of tariffs (UN, 2020) and the recent outbreak of the Covid-19 Virus (SM Iacus et al., 2020) might mitigate the attractiveness of the market. Without a doubt there are both Challenges and Opportunities for the German machine tool industry in the Chinese market.
Accordingly, the thesis will with the combination of empirical research data and a market analysis of the Chinese market draw a conclusion to which degree the Chinese market offers challenges and opportunities for the German machine tool industry. Additionally, a PEST-Analysis of the Chinese market will provide further insights regarding the market situation in the target market.
This thesis will employ qualitative research methods, the needed data is going to be acquired from primary and secondary sources. As for primary sources, observations and interviews will be used, secondary sources will consist of articles as well as related literature.
In 2018 the EU General Data Protection Regulation came into effect. Personal data has been protected in the European Union than nowhere else in the world. At the same time, China has become the largest e-commerce market in the world, overtaking the US. Moreover, the Chinese e-Commerce market still has growth potential since only 60% of the country´s population has internet access.
The purpose of this thesis is to research the question of whether electronic commerce is powerful in China due to low levels of data protection. First of all, this thesis is examining the main principles of Chinese data protection in comparison to Germany as a country with high data protection standards. Secondly, this work investigates the importance of personal data in electronic commerce. Thirdly, it intends to explain the development of Chinese online business. In the end, the key learnings will be presented.
This research uses statistical evaluation, literature, and legislative review to get a theoretical understanding of the matter. It uses various forms of market insights to understand the industry, the consumer, and the role of the Chinese regime.
The findings indicate that there is a correlation between the degree of data regulation and the quality of promotion. Personal data are not the only one critical success factor for the establishment of e-commerce.
Der Wirtschaftsboom in China der sich über die vergangenen Jahre beobachten ließ, hat dafür gesorgt, dass China global den wichtigsten und größten Markt für Automobilhersteller darstellt. In Bezug auf Volumen, Wachstum und Umsatz ist kein anderer Markt wie der chinesische Markt. Dadurch bietet er auch Besonderheiten, die kein anderer Markt bietet. Aus diesem Grund liegt es nahe, dass Trends sowie Veränderungen des Kaufverhaltens, der potentiellen Kunden genauestens beobachtet werden sollten, um langfristigen Erfolg zu garantieren, was eine Herausforderung für Automobilhersteller und deren Produktportfolio, sowie Marketingmaßnahmen bedeuten kann. In dieser Arbeit werden die aktuellen Trends im chinesischen Automarkt und das daraus resultierende Konsumentenverhalten untersucht. Um dies zu analysieren wurde eine Umfrage durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Umfrage zeigen unter Anderem, dass als klassisch zu bezeichnenden Faktoren immer noch einen hohen Stellenwert für chinesische Kunden haben und deutsche Marken auch unter jüngeren Generationen, Vorrang vor landeseigenen Marken haben. Aber auch Trends zur Elektromobilität, Car-Hailing Diensten und Onlinekonnektivität ließen sich feststellen.